The following information is from the Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute

 

 

Summary: Here are responses to some arguments about helmets often posted and reposted on blogs. Please do not quote this page out of context. Provide the URL and let the reader decide.

Disclaimer: you may not consider this a balanced view! We are helmet advocates.

 

 

For studies and references see the Harborview Injury Prevention Center’s summary of helmet effectiveness studies.

We still see messages about helmets on Internet blogs that fall under the heading “helmet wars.” Initially most of the opponents were inspired by opposition to helmet laws. But more recently they go further to question the effectiveness of helmets. The best example of their approach is the concerted effort to make the Wikipedia entry on helmets negative.

As long as the messages simply repeat the anti-helmet law view over and over, we do not get involved. But readers should not take this to mean that those views are generally accepted, so we have put up this page to tell the other side of the story. And we have an additional page to take up some issues with one Danish video posted in 2010.

First, a disclaimer. We consider anti-helmet law views as legitimate and rational positions in the spectrum of political viewpoints. We do not consider ourselves “better than” those who oppose the laws, or even better qualified to make public policy, for which every citizen in a democracy is equally qualified.

The negative assertions are in bold italics below, followed by our responses. They fall into two categories: helmets and laws.

 

 

Helmets

 

  • Bicycle helmets restrict vision and hearing, endangering the user.
    Response: We have never found this to be the case. Bike helmets do not affect vision. If the helmet intrudes on upward vision it will be evident to the user, who can adjust the tilt of the helmet to raise the front lip. Bike helmets also do not affect hearing, since normally they do not cover the ears. That question is easily settled by riding with and without a helmet, or by standing beside a road with helmet on and off. The US DOT has conducted a study on this question using motorcycle helmets and found that even these larger helmets with additional coverage do not affect hearing, and have little effect on vision.
  • Helmets are heavy, hot and uncomfortable.
    Response: This is a subjective judgment for each individual, and is easily tested by the user. Most riders find today’s helmets light, comfortable and cool enough.
  • Helmets are inconvenient when getting off the bike to shop or go to class.
    Response: Putting a helmet on takes less time than putting on bike gloves, but it does add another step every time you get on the bike, and we agree that it can be a nuisance on very short trips from one store to another. So is fastening your seat belt in a car, but you do it for safety. The helmet can be left with the bike, locked if the bike needs to be locked in that location.
  • Helmets are not effective except in minor crashes.
    Response: We have ample evidence from medical studies that helmets are indeed highly effective, and you will find references on our statistics page and our Journals page. Although bicycle helmets are tested in labs in impacts at 14 miles per hour, they usually do a fine job of protecting the rider in a crash where the initial forward speed is higher, because the severity of the impact is normally determined by the closing speed of the head and pavement, not by the rider’s forward motion. Research on crashed helmets shows that most people hit the ground at a relative speed of about 10 MPH. If a rider is hit by a car or hits a brick wall at 30 mph and the head takes a direct blow at that speed, no helmet will prevent injury or death. But that type of crash is rare, and helmets are designed for the severity of the most frequent crash types.As a reality check, ask any club cyclist about helmet effectiveness. They have shared experience that gives them more perspective on crashes. Club cyclists were the first to adopt helmets in the US, and the first to see the results. You will see helmets on all or most of the riders on virtually any club ride in the US. Among racers, the United States Cycling Federation (now USA Cycling–our road racing organization) adopted a mandatory helmet rule in 1986, because every year two or three riders were being killed in their races and more were suffering head injuries. In the years since it has been rare for a racer to die in a US race, even though their crashes occur at racing speeds. We have a page up on helmet protection limits.
  • Helmets can contribute to injuries by adding weight to the rider’s head.
    Response: When the impact occurs, the helmet is between the head and the hard place, where weight is unimportant. If that were not the case, we would see an increase in head or neck injuries in helmeted riders, and that has not happened. Motorcycle helmets are much heavier than bicycle helmets, and if there were a tendency for helmet weight to be a factor it would have shown up there. Under normal riding conditions, the weight of a helmet does not destabilize the rider. Competitors in BMX competitions with three pound motorcycle helmets on their heads maintain amazing balance despite difficult track conditions and jumps. In 2011, a published study confirmed that motorcycle helmets do not injure necks.
  • Helmets can increase the liklihood of hitting the head because they increase the size of the head.
    Response: A helmet does have a larger diameter than the head. But it would be more accurate to say that the helmet might increase the likelihood of hitting the helmet itself, not the head.
  • Helmets are not designed to protect against rotational injury, when the blood vessels and nerves attached to the brain are stretched or ruptured by the brain’s inertia during sudden jerks of the skull.
    Response: There is no consensus among the medical community on the threshold of rotational injury or how to measure it, although there is probably a rotational component in most serious head injuries. The standards-making community believes that a helmet that protects well against straight through (translational) impacts also reduces the effects of rotational injury, since rotational motion comes from off-center translational impacts. But the damage to the interior of the brain is not simply a function of a turning motion. It results from different parts of the brain moving in different directions at different speeds after even a translational impact. Reducing the severity of the impact reduces that type of damage.There is potential for improvement of current helmets eventually when rotational injury is better understood and means of predicting it in a crash are developed and accepted. Because this is an area requiring further research it has always been an easy target for raising doubt about the performance of current helmets. But in fact current helmets are a long way from perfect in almost any respect, and this is just one element that can be improved. That does not negate the benefits of wearing today’s helmets. They work very well despite their imperfections!
  • Helmets are made of plastic, and plastic may contain dangerous chemicals.
    Response: Although polycarbonate is used in many helmet shells and some formulations of it are suspected as one of the sources of the chemical BPA in the environment, there is no evidence yet that the helmet shells pose any danger to the wearer. We are more concerned about materials used in the interior of the helmet in contact with the skin. See our page on plastics in helmets for more info.
  • Helmets are expensive.
    Response: Like any piece of wearing apparel, you have a choice of cheap or expensive. In the US market, cheap helmets are $10 to $20 at the big-box discount stores like Wal-Mart and Target, and are just as protective as the more expensive ones. Under Five stores now have a $5 helmet. A study in New Zealand once suggested that helmets there were not cost-effective, but in the US the analysis prepared by Ted Miller of the Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation in 2009 suggested that every dollar spent on bicycle helmets saves $15 for adults and $47 for children.
  • Helmets give a false sense of security. A helmeted rider will take more risks, and is more likely to crash.
    Response: We have not observed that phenomenon. Riders here were just as careless in the 1960’s and earlier without helmets as they are today. We have never been able to identify a case where a rider we knew began wearing a helmet and changed their risk-taking. The individual’s perception of injury risk in a bicycle crash is generally not centered on their head, but on body parts. Most riders do not consider the head the most vulnerable part of the body. They are primarily concerned with the road rash and broken bones that are much more frequent than brain injuries. Helmets do not change those risks. Many motorcycle riders here who reject helmets still use leather clothing for skid protection. Once accustomed to a helmet, riding without it does make the rider feel vulnerable – – for the first half mile. Similar effects can be seen with seat belts, where the risk compensation argument also was used at one time, and even anti-lock brakes and airbags have been accused of making car drivers more aggressive. We think there may be a few who would smoke in bed more if they installed a smoke detector in their house, but not many. In 2011 this Norwegian study concluded that there are complex issues in determining how much risk compensation cyclists might do when they use helmets, but that “The use of [a] bicycle helmet as such does not seem to be related to either accident proneness or speeding.” And a study published in Australia in 2013 concluded that unhelmeted riders were actually more likely to take risks like disobeying traffic controls or cycling while drunk.
  • Nobody uses helmets in the Netherlands.
    Response: Actually, some do, and increasingly parents are helmeting their children there, as evidenced by this report on helmet promotion by their Foundation for Consumer Safety. But the cycling tradition is so ingrained in Holland that most adults do not see any need for helmets, despite the injuries documented by the Foundation report. They benefit from uniquely safe bicycle facilities and drivers who are expecting them on the roads because they are so numerous and who must by law give them full right of way when appropriate. When compared to the US, there are significant differences in road design, road surfaces, trails, traffic, signalization, motorists’ attitudes, cyclists’ attitudes, legal consequences of a car/bike crash, the bicycles themselves, car lighting, bike lighting and accessories, climate, the type of riding people do, the normal uses they put bicycle to, the number of cyclists on the roads and a whole range of other factors. We would not tell the Dutch they need helmets, although we wear one when cycling there. But we would tell a US rider that we think you need one here. (For a view of what we need to be doing in the US to improve our road environment, check out this campaign, one that we have supported and have attempted to advance with very little success.) For a very lucid explanation of the Dutch view, see this SWOV paper on helmets and helmet effectiveness. It has some much lower estimates for the injuries helmets can prevent, but says their European helmets are not to be compared with the more protective US and Australian standard models.
  • Helmet statistics are generated by pro-helmet researchers and the studies that support helmet use are flawed.
    Response: Many attempts we have seen in the U.S. to measure helmet effectiveness or helmet use nationally based on general statistics of bicycles on the road or rider surveys are indeed not useful. Anyone who has worked with bike riders in this country would not ask the question “How much did you ride last year” and expect a valid answer. Exposure data calculated from such surveys, including the survey by CPSC, are not in our opinion valid. The New York Times published an article in 2001 written by a reporter who missed that point, and reached some startling — and invalid — conclusions. We have a page up on that article. But we do consider valid a number of clinically-based studies in the U.S. on helmet effectiveness. We have parts of several of them included in our statistics page, including the landmark study by Thompson, Rivera and Thompson done at Harborview Injury Prevention Center and published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1989. The same team completed another study that adds helmet analysis to the clinical data. You can find it on the Snell Foundation Web site. The study is old, but helmets sold in the US have actually improved since the data was collected, so we regard the conclusions as still valid and probably conservative. More importantly, the protective effect of helmets has been demonstrated in the field so thoroughly over a period of decades that statistical analysis based on poorly gathered data adds nothing to the knowledge base.
  • The 85 per cent effectiveness number from the Thompson and Rivera case control study has been discredited.
    Although other studies have found lesser effects, this one remains close to the reality that club cyclists observe. Here is the abstract for a fine article about misunderstandings of the nature of case control studies and misinterpretations of their data that the authors noted in email exchanges. The authors are probably the most misunderstood and misinterpreted in the helmet field: the Drs. Thompson and Rivara. You have to pay to read the whole article, but the journal says it is one of their most popular downloads. For alternative numbers, see the SWOV paper above. When we refer to specific numbers, BHSI now quotes this 2009 study by the same authors showing that “helmets provide a 68% to 88% reduction in the risk of head, brain and severe brain injury for all ages of bicyclists. BHSI’s parent organization, the Washington Area Bicyclist Association, has asked Federal agencies under the Data Quality Act to correct their use of the often-cited 85% number.
  • Cars pass riders more closely if they are wearing a helmet.
    Here is our page on a 2006 study done in England of passing distances. We think that study did not prove that wearing a helmet makes you less safe, although the author thinks so.

    Helmet Laws

     

  • Helmet laws are unnecessary government interference.
    Response: It is clear that some riders do resent helmet laws here, and are very vocal about it. In some areas the laws are being introduced before there is a popular consensus that bicycle helmets are an essential safety requirement. One town in Connecticut even passed and then repealed a helmet law. But we believe the laws are necessary to raise awareness that helmets save lives. We have laws here requiring seat belts, air bags, child car seats, smoke detectors, lights on bicycles operated at night, and a whole range of other safety devices. We believe that a bicycle operated on a public roadway is a vehicle, and that its operator is therefore subject to the same rights and obligations as other vehicle operators. If it is reasonable to require motorcycle helmets, airbags and the use of car seatbelts, requiring bicycle helmets is also reasonable. If you see helmets as needed safety equipment rather than optional cycling apparel, the need for legal requirements is as apparent as the need to require lights on a bicycle operated at night.
  • Mandatory helmet laws discourage cycling, increasing the risk to all riders.
    Response: If true, this would be a serious drawback of helmet laws. Anyone who has observed the difference in riding in a city or country with many, many bicycles on the road understands how increasing the number of riders improves safety.The cyclic trend reducing bicycle use that began here in 1999 was related to fashion, to the rise of other forms of exercise and to safety concerns as car traffic was becoming worse. We had a decade of experience prior to that with states and cities passing helmet laws, and did not observe declines in cycling related to the laws. The decline that did take place was not limited to the areas that had helmet laws, and the subsequent recovery in cycling and sharp rise in bicycle use when gas prices spiked in 2008 was not related to helmet laws either. In urban areas there has been a change in the attitudes of parents, who are concerned about traffic and crimes against children, and no longer allow their children the freedom to roam that bicycling used to facilitate. In addition, our helmet laws are so spottily enforced in most states that there would have been minimal effect in any case.Cost is not much of an obstacle to acquiring a helmet here, since our market supplies helmets at very low prices. We require seatbelts here in most of our states, but drivers do not stop driving because of that requirement. People do not move out of their homes to another state when smoke detectors are required by law. There is no statistical evidence that large numbers of motorcyclists quit riding in states that adopt mandatory motorcycle helmet laws, although it is certainly clear that some individuals in that group are extremely resentful.On the other hand, the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute found indications that helmet laws can reduce cycling there in some age groups: see this abstract of their study for more info. But a research project in Toronto before and after their law came into effect showed that “although the number of child cyclists per hour was significantly different in different years, these differences could not be attributed to legislation. In 1996, the year after legislation came into effect, average cycling levels were higher (6.84 cyclists per hour) than in 1995, the year before legislation (4.33 cyclists per hour).” We are convinced that the answer to the question will lie in observational studies, and most of them will be local.In 2009 a paper published on the Web site of the University of California at Irvine’s School of Education used statistical analysis of national data to reach the conclusion that helmet laws resulted in a ridership decline of 4 to 5 per cent in the age group they covered. The data was collected from parents in telephone conversations, and we don’t think that method is valid for helmet use studies. They did not control for traffic increases or parents’ crime concerns in the states with laws, and those included California, New York, Pennsylvania, Florida and others where traffic grew the most. And some states have many local laws instead of a state-level law, skewing the comparison. Fortunately, you can read the entire paper, titled Intended and Unintended Effects of Youth Bicycle Helmet Laws on the Web and judge for yourself.A 2010 Canadian study showed that bicycle usage remained constant after helmet laws were adopted in two provinces.

    For the latest assessment from Queensland, Australia, see this study. We cite its conclusions below.

  • Mandatory helmet laws discourage cycling, raising health care costs as a more sedentary population results.
    Response: The British Medical Association once took this point of view. Apparently they had thought that Brits would either ride bicycles or become couch potatoes. In 2004 they reversed themselves and issued a call for helmet laws there. That is not the case in the US, where cycling certainly contributes to the overall fitness level of the populace, but millions of others prefer running, walking, swimming, rollerblading, skateboarding, skiing, rowing, basketball, football, baseball, soccer, lacrosse, handball, squash, volleyball, climbing, equestrian sports, aerobics or combinations of a thousand other activities to keep fit. But if the number of riders on the road were reduced this would be a serious issue because it would make the roads less safe for bicycles. Fortunately that is not the case.
  • Helmet laws discourage cycling by making it appear dangerous.
    Response: If safety equipment is required for any activity it does figure in the perception of the dangers involved. But in the US we find that requiring seatbelts and airbags in cars has done almost nothing to convince our drivers that there may be some remote danger in driving a car on our roads. We passed laws to require the use of belts and added passive restraints as well, but our annual highway death toll is still nearly 34,000 souls. That level of danger has done nothing to curb the use of the automobile in our society. The perception of danger in cycling here is almost exclusively confined to the danger of riding in traffic. For that reason cyclists without helmets here often say “I just ride on trails, so I don’t need one.” We do not believe that a requirement to use a helmet reduces cycling mileage here any more than seatbelt laws reduce driving.
  • Helmet laws have not worked in Australia.
    In Australia, bicycle helmets are mandatory in all states and territories. Compliance is high but varies by area, with some cities over 90% and rural areas much lower. In the State of Victoria cyclists’ head injuries declined 41%. There were 36% fewer child riders on the road, immediately after the legislation passed, but perhaps more adult riders. Changes in ridership may or may not have been related to the passage of the laws, and the road culture in Australia is unique to that country. Injury reduction was below expectations, but still spectacular. Hospital data from Western Australia showed that the number of intracranial injuries was cut in half with increased helmet use, while head injuries were less serious, and hospital stays shorter. After more than a decade of experience with helmet laws there is no serious consideration in Australia of repealing their laws, although in 2011 a film maker in Brisbane produced this anti-helmet law video for an organization called helmetfreedom.org that hopes to repeal the Queensland law. For that side of the Australian argument, see their site or the links at the bottom of this page. But a recent study from Queensland’s CARRS-Q has examined the issue thoroughly from the bottom up, and concluded: “Current bicycle helmet wearing rates are halving the number of head injuries experienced by Queensland cyclists. This is consistent with published evidence that mandatory bicycle helmet wearing legislation has prevented injuries and deaths from head injuries.It is reasonably clear that it discouraged people from cycling twenty years ago when it was first introduced. Having been in place for that length of time in Queensland and throughout most of Australia, there is little evidence that it continues to discourage cycling. There is little evidence that there is a large body of people who would take up cycling if the legislation was changed.” In 2013 the report of a Queensland parliamentary committee ignored this finding and recommended a trial suspension of the helmet rule for those 16 and over riding on trails and low speed roads, or using shared bike program bicycles.
  • Helmet laws have not worked in the US or other countries.
    We have a page up linking to many studies that have concluded that helmet laws do increase the use of helmets.
  • Developing countries don’t use helmets, and they don’t suffer as a result.
    Response: Developing countries usually have other problems that swamp their head injury problems, and there is not much info on the head injury rates. We have begun to see indications that there is a significant unpublicized problem in China, and as this article on Vietnam shows, other countries as well. In 2007 Vietnam adopted a stringent helmet law for motorcycle riders. It is very well enforced, probably because bare-headed riders have to pay a bribe on the spot to the law enforcement officer to avoid a ticket. The trend should worsen as more countries can afford more motor vehicles, a factor that is contributing now to the Chinese problem.
  • It makes no sense to require helmets for cyclists and not for motorists, since most fatal head injuries occur in cars, and car drivers don’t wear helmets.
    Response: Bicycle helmets and helmet laws are a rational response to a problem. Helmets may or may not be sensible in other activities such as motorcycling, skydiving, kayaking, horseback riding, skating, construction work, American football, baseball, driving a car in the U.S. or some other country or a whole range of other activities. And there is risky behavior of all kinds we are not addressing adequately, with people killed in the U.S. every year by lightning strikes at swimming pools and golf courses, or by fires in homes without working smoke detectors, or by heart attacks brought on by smoking and lack of exercise. It is not necessary to optimize the entire world’s injury prevention methods to appreciate the injury reduction that can be achieved in the U.S. with bicycle helmets.
  • Promoting bicycle helmets takes attention away from the effort to improve basic bicycling safety.
    Response: This may be true somewhere else, but the US now has the most concerted effort to improve bicycling safety in our history. There are more safety advocates here pushing for better cycling facilities (on or off road), cycling education in schools or through training courses, shared bike programs in many cities and safer bikes themselves than at any other time in cycling’s century-plus here. Virtually every State department of transportation and many local governments in larger cities have bicycle coordinators whose main focus is on improving bicycling conditions. Their activities sometimes even extend to motorist education, where we have seen bicycle questions appear now for the first time on drivers’ permit exams and ads on local billboards. Our Federal government is funding bicycle transportation improvements of all kinds through surface transportation funding renewed in 2005 and 2007 with millions of dollars at an unprecedented rate. In 2010 the Secretary of Transportation declared that bicyclists and pedestrians would get equal treatment with car drivers in Federal programs. The Federal Department of Transportation has produced helmet and bicycle safety materials and among other bicycle safety initiatives has sponsored development of a National Bicycle Safety Education Curriculum. Acting jointly with the Centers for Disease Control NHTSA launched a national bicycle safety campaign. It has moved slowly, but it represents some progress. The League of American Bicyclists kicked off in 1999 its most comprehensive safety initiative in more than 100 years of operation, and in 2007 proposed the development of a national bicycle strategy. The association that coordinates state traffic laws and safety standards in the US (AASHTO) has produced for the first time in its history a complete traffic engineer’s handbook devoted only to standards for bicycle facility construction. All of this activity has been reinforced by the effort of many US cities to make their city safer and more attractive for bicycling and walking.Although cycling organizations here had been trying to produce results like that for more than a century without success, the recent growth of these activities has occurred here concurrently with the growth of helmet promotion and use. The U.S. experience has demonstrated that blurred focus is not a problem here, even if it may be somewhere else.The fact remains that despite everyone’s best efforts to make cycling as safe as it can possibly be, there will still be crashes, and without helmets there will still be an unacceptably high rate of head injuries, and given our conditions and riders, helmets will still be necessary here in the U.S. even if we can achieve the safest of cycling environments.And we probably can not achieve the safest of cycling environments here in the short term. Bicycles travel on roads, and in the US most people think roads are for cars. Cars kill about 34,000 people here annually. For some reason we have an amazingly blind eye for that. We kill more car passengers on our highways every year than the number of Americans killed in the ten years and more of our involvement in Vietnam, and more in one month than the American troops we have lost in Iraq and Afghanistan. But the public outcry that would accompany such a rate of carnage associated with any other activity in our society is strangely absent. We have a national blind spot for the personal costs of car ownership, and for the damage done by the individual passenger car to our health and our environment. Since the passenger car is The Problem in cyclists’ deaths, and a big factor in major cycling injuries, some of that attitude will inevitably affect the bicycle rider. Rage against it if you will, but meantime wear your helmet. We believe that you would need a helmet even in the best of all possible car worlds.

    Why we are not on the blogs, twitter or facebook.

    We are not helmet warriors. We don’t clutter blogs and other social media with repetitive rhetoric and sterile rebuttals. We add to this page as new stuff comes to our attention. We have changed this page in response to good comments from those who do not agree, and will read anything you send us, whether or not we reply.This site is specialized in helmets. We don’t cover smoke detectors, seat belts, airbags, diet, exercise, or other beneficial stuff. But on our home page, right up front in the introduction, we put helmets in perspective as a secondary safety measure, and we never lose that perspective. When we see “straw man” assertions in a blog that we are blind helmet promoters, that we are all about helmet compulsion, or outright lies asserting that we accept funding support from the helmet industry, we judge the poster’s other statements with those inaccuracies in mind.

    No matter what you may read in a blog or other message, we do not and have never accepted funding from the helmet industry or anyone connected with the retailing of helmets. And we don’t own stock in helmet companies. Anyone who says that is mistaken or deliberately lying. That should prompt you to question other assertions by the email’s author.

    We have seen some amazing misrepresentations of fact in helmet wars messages. We have seen many bloggers misquoting studies. Others base misleading or incorrect statements on illogical or misleading interpretations of a study whose authors actually reached different conclusions. We have seen seemingly authoritative statements about helmet standards that were just plain wrong, with specific numbers pulled out of thin air. (We have a standards comparison up if you need to check any of them.) In some cases guesses and opinion are stated as known fact, and on the Internet it may be difficult to judge the sender’s competence or clarity of thought. That includes ours, of course, although the context of this Web site may provide more basis for understanding our biases and where we are coming from. Our conclusion is that the blogs and other media have proven a poor choice for discussion of helmet questions, and readers can find more accurate and better-organized information at Web sites, including the anti-helmet law sites below. This explains the reluctance of many social media users to get involved in the exchanges. Please note that this paragraph did not single out either side in the arguments as the primary transgressor.

     

    The Other Side

     

    • An early publication finding helmets not worthwhile is Mayer Hillman’s Cycle Helmets: the Case For and Against, published by the Policy Studies Institute, University of Westminster, in 1993.
    • The Bicycle Helmet Research Foundation is the most definitive UK site that promotes scepticism about the use of helmets and laws to require them. You can get a flavor of their approach by reading their Policy Statement page.
    • Several Australian sites protest the laws there. Some seem to be running out of steam judging by the refresh dates on their pages, but Helmet Freedom has more recent views. For annotated links to “Helmet Wars” material on the Web check out De Clarke’s Personal Opinion page. An extensive collection of links and her own analysis. Her list of links is long and up to date, so we don’t try to duplicate it. The Cyclists Rights Action Group, has and extensive site with links to other resources for opponents of helmet laws, including other Web pages. Note: These are not mainstream views Down Under, where the question is generally considered settled. But in 2010 a researcher at Sydney University recommended repealing the laws, using the same rationale promoted by British helmet law opponents. You can find the latest on that with this Google search. In 2011 the Journal of the Australasian College of Road Safety published this formal retraction of a paper by Voukelatos and Rissel, citing persistent “data errors” as the cause. The paper had concluded that helmet laws did not result in fewer head injuries.Dr. Pied de Jong of Macquarrie University in Sydney has published a paper using a mathematical approach to evaluate the (negative) public health impact of helmet laws. We have a page up on his analysis.
    • Here is a fine article by John Wren about New Zealand’s helmet wars. And another titled
    • Evaluation of New Zealand’s bicycle helmet law by Colin F Clarke published in the New Zealand Medical Journal that concludes that New Zealand’s helmet law “has failed in aspects of promoting cycling, safety, health, accident compensation, environmental issues and civil liberties.” The full article is available on the cycle-helmets.com site.
    • Here is an exchange of letters in 2000 in the British Medical Journal, and here is another exchange that occurred in 2003. And here is their current position favoring helmet laws for the UK.The UK Department for Transport has published a study of helmet effectiveness geared toward decision-making about mandatory helmet requirements. It is worth reading and can dispel myths about “the British view of helmets” that come up in mandatory helmet law discussions.Mikael Colville-Andersen has put up this video opposing helmets and helmet promotion. We have a page up on his inaccuracies.

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